Spain

According to OECD data, there is a considerable underrepresentation of women entering, enrolling in, and graduating from tertiary educational (bachelor, master, and doctoral) programs in engineering, manufacturing, and construction (EMC) programs and information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Spain.

TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) and PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) scores are valuable tools for evaluating students' academic preparation. TIMSS is a global evaluation given every four years to students in the fourth and eighth grades to measure their understanding of mathematics and science concepts.